Popeza chidziwitso cha padziko lonse lapansi cha kuteteza chilengedwe chikuwonjezeka, njira zogwiritsira ntchito ndi kupanga matumba a chakudya zikusinthanso pang'onopang'ono. Matumba apulasitiki achikhalidwe azakudya alandiridwa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwononga chilengedwe. Mayiko achitapo kanthu kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndikulimbikitsa kafukufuku, chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zingawonongeke. Nkhaniyi ifufuza momwe matumba a chakudya alili panopa, mavuto omwe akukumana nawo, komanso njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko.
1. Mkhalidwe wa matumba a chakudya panopa
Monga zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakulongedza chakudya tsiku ndi tsiku, matumba a chakudya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'masitolo akuluakulu, m'masitolo ogulitsa zakudya, m'masitolo ogulitsa zakudya ndi m'madera ena. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, chiwerengero cha matumba apulasitiki omwe amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse ndi okwera kufika pa mathililiyoni ambiri, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polongedza chakudya. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki kwabweretsa mavuto aakulu azachilengedwe. Zimatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti pulasitiki iwole m'chilengedwe, ndipo zinthu zovulaza zidzatulutsidwa panthawi yowola, zomwe zimaipitsa nthaka ndi madzi.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko ndi madera ambiri ayamba kuzindikira vutoli ndipo ayambitsa mfundo zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki. Mwachitsanzo, European Union idapereka Lamulo la Mapepala Apulasitiki mu 2015, lofuna kuti mayiko omwe ali mamembala achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki otayika kufika pa 90 pa munthu aliyense pachaka pofika chaka cha 2021. Kuphatikiza apo, China yakhazikitsanso "chiletso cha pulasitiki" m'mizinda yambiri kuti ilimbikitse mabizinesi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka.
2. Kuopsa kwa chilengedwe kwa matumba apulasitiki
Mavuto azachilengedwe a matumba apulasitiki amaonekera kwambiri m'mbali zotsatirazi:
Kuipitsidwa kwa madzi m'nyanja: Matumba ambiri apulasitiki amatayidwa nthawi iliyonse yomwe akufuna ndipo pamapeto pake amathira m'nyanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zinyalala za m'nyanja. Zamoyo zam'madzi zimadya matumba apulasitiki molakwika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti afe kapena kukula molakwika, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe.
Kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka: Matumba apulasitiki akamawola m'nthaka, amatulutsa mankhwala owopsa, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa nthaka ndi kukula kwa zomera.
Kutaya zinthu: Kupanga matumba apulasitiki kumagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri, omwe akanagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.
3. Kukwera kwa matumba a chakudya owonongeka
Poyang'anizana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matumba apulasitiki, makampani ambiri ndi mabungwe ofufuza za sayansi ayamba kupanga matumba azakudya omwe amatha kuwonongeka. Matumba amenewa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zinthu zongowonjezedwanso monga starch ya zomera ndi polylactic acid (PLA), zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka mwachilengedwe pazifukwa zina, zomwe zimachepetsa nkhawa pa chilengedwe.
Matumba a starch a zomera: Thumba lamtunduwu limapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zopangira zomera monga starch ya chimanga, ndipo limagwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zina komanso limatha kuwonongeka. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti matumba a starch a zomera amatha kuwonongeka kwathunthu mkati mwa miyezi ingapo ngati zinthu zili bwino.
Matumba a polylactic acid: Polylactic acid ndi bioplastic yopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zongowonjezedwanso (monga chimanga) yokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zamakaniko komanso mawonekedwe owonekera, yoyenera kupakidwa chakudya. Matumba a polylactic acid amatha kuwonongeka mkati mwa miyezi 6 pansi pa mikhalidwe ya mafakitale.
Zipangizo zina zatsopano: Kuwonjezera pa starch ya zomera ndi polylactic acid, ofufuza akufufuzanso zinthu zina zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka, monga zotumphukira za m'nyanja, mycelium, ndi zina zotero. Zipangizo zatsopanozi sizongoteteza chilengedwe kokha, komanso zimapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino opakira.
4. Mavuto a matumba a chakudya omwe amawonongeka
Ngakhale kuti matumba azakudya omwe amawonongeka ali ndi ubwino woonekeratu poteteza chilengedwe, akukumanabe ndi mavuto ena pakukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito:
Mavuto a mtengo: Pakadali pano, mtengo wopangira zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka nthawi zambiri ndi wokwera kuposa wa zipangizo zapulasitiki zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa amalonda ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki otsika mtengo posankha zinthu zopakira.
Kudziwa bwino za ogula: Ogula ambiri alibe chidziwitso chokwanira cha matumba a chakudya omwe amawonongeka ndipo akadali ozolowera kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki achikhalidwe. Momwe mungakulitsire chidziwitso cha anthu pazachilengedwe ndikuwalimbikitsa kusankha zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka ndiye chinsinsi chotsatsa malonda.
Njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu: Kubwezeretsanso ndi kukonza matumba a chakudya omwe amawonongeka kumafuna kukhazikitsa njira yolumikizira mawu. Pakadali pano, malo ambiri sanakhazikitse njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu, zomwe zingayambitse kuti matumba omwe amawonongeka asakanizidwe ndi matumba apulasitiki wamba panthawi yokonzanso zinthu, zomwe zimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
5. Malangizo a Chitukuko cha M'tsogolo
Pofuna kulimbikitsa kufalikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matumba a chakudya omwe amatha kuwonongeka, maboma, mabizinesi ndi mabungwe ofufuza za sayansi ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti achite izi:
Thandizo la ndondomeko: Boma liyenera kukhazikitsa mfundo zoyenera kulimbikitsa mabizinesi kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka, ndikupereka ndalama zothandizira kapena zolimbikitsa msonkho kwa mabizinesi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito matumba omwe amawonongeka.
Maphunziro a anthu onse: Kudzera mu kulengeza ndi kuphunzitsa anthu, anthu azidziwa bwino matumba a chakudya omwe amawonongeka ndipo amalimbikitsa ogula kusankha zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe.
Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo: Wonjezerani ndalama mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito a zinthu kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za msika.
Konzani njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu: Khazikitsani ndikuwongolera njira yobwezeretsanso zinthu zomwe zingawonongeke kuti ziwonongeke bwino mutazigwiritsa ntchito ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Pomaliza: Njira yopezera chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha matumba a chakudya ndi yayitali komanso yovuta, koma chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha anthu, tili ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ma CD a chakudya amtsogolo adzakhala obiriwira komanso osawononga chilengedwe. Kudzera mu mgwirizano, titha kupanga malo abwino okhala mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Dec-07-2024
